if 用法详解(九）if的替代抒发

英语中的要求句(conditionals)分为四个等第：first，second，third和fourth。肤浅来说，这些要求句总体上是按要求的发生概率降序陈列的：

Type 1:  百分百笃定

People die if they don't eat.

不吃东西会死的。

Type 2:  一半可能

If I pass this exam, I’ll celebrate.

考试通过了的话，我要庆祝一下。

Type 3:  不真现实

If I lived by the sea, I would be lying on the beach right now.

我若是住海边，这会驯服在沙滩上躺平了。

Type 4:  缺憾史实

I would have helped you if you had asked me.

你若是早启齿，我原本会帮你的。

你可能会以为要求句齐是围绕if来作念著作，但其实if的替代抒发有许多，看一看具体有哪些。

1.真正要求

(1)when和if可替换，when在语义上显得愈加时常和有章程

When you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.

如果把水加热到100摄氏度，它就会高兴。

A strong link is found between two species when a predator sticks to one prey species.

当捕食者坚捏一种猎物时，两个物种之间发现了很强的洽商。

This is hard to achieve when, as is now the case in many big firms, a large proportion of staff are temporary contractors.

就像咫尺许多大公司的情况同样，很大一部分职工齐是临时承包商，这是很难兑现的。

Teamwork is most effective when team members share the same culture.

当团队成员分享疏通的文化时，团队融合最为有用。

  (2) if示意笃定要求时还有一个变体：

①祈使句+and+ ...will do...

Follow the doctor’s advice, and you’ll be well very soon.

听从大夫的医嘱，你很快就会好起来的

Take the following steps when reading and you will be a good fast reader.

按下列法子阅读，你会成为一个阅读速率快的好读者。

Opportunity goes and comes easily; Grasp it and you will find your life quite different.

契机来得快去得快，收拢它，你的东谈主生就会大不同样。

The world is like a mirror: frown at it and it frowns at you; smile, and it smiles too.

寰宇犹如一面镜子：朝它颦蹙它就朝你颦蹙，朝它含笑它也朝你含笑。

Learn to turn negatives into positives, and you’ll do much better in life.

学会把萎靡成分升沉为积极成分，今后在生活中你就能作念得好得多。

Open your eyes, open your heart, and you will see that goodness is everywhere.

睁开你的双眼，通达你的情怀，你就会发现东谈主生好意思好无处不在。

②祈使句部分改用“名词短语 ＋ and分句”  ：

(Make) one more effort, and you will succeed in your experiment.

如果你再奋发一下，你检修就会告成。

(Give me )One more hour, and I'll get the work finished.

再有一小时，我就不错干结束。

A bit more effort, and the problem would be straightened out.

再稍加把劲，这个问题就处治了。

(Come)Ten minutes earlier, and we could have caught the train already, but now we’ll have to wait an hour for the next train.

早来十分钟,咱们就能赶上火车了, 然则咫尺咱们不得不等一个小时乘下一回火车。

注：英语中有不少用“祈使句 ＋ and 分句”抒发的成语

Give him an inch and he will take a mile.

   得寸进尺。

Set a beggar on horseback and he’ll ride to the devil.

求乞子发家忘乎是以。/整宿暴富

Take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves.

齐人好猎；小事细心，大事自成。

Grasp the nettle and it won’t sting you.

你不怕贫苦，贫苦生怕你；贫苦像弹簧，你硬它就软。

Tread on a worm and it will turn.

困兽犹斗；狗急跳墙。

Ask no questions and you’ll be told no lies.

少问就听不到废话。

Jest with an ass and he will flap you in the face with his tail.

跟愚东谈主开打趣，只会拨草寻蛇。

Give a fool rope enough, and he’ll hang himself.

放任白痴便是害他。

Keep a thing seven years and you will find a use for it .

蓄艾三年，必有其用。

2.    强调要求

1）as/so long as，provided/providing (that)，on condition (that):只须;如果;要求是

As long as they meet certain conditions , students can also apply for a loan.

只须适合某些要求，学生也不错肯求贷款。

It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop.

只须你欺压驻来，你走得有多慢并不重大。

I'll lend you the money provided/providing (that) you pay me back next month.

只须你下个月还我钱，我就把钱借给你。

  Use of the bridge by bicycle riders is allowed , provided that they use the 

bicycle  path .

只须骑自行车的东谈主使用自行车谈，他们就不错使用这座桥。

  I believe that a change of decoration is alright , on condition that the colors on 

the walls match the furniture .

我认为，只须墙上的神志与产物相配，改动一下秘密是不错的。

The government agreed to delay implementation of the new measures by a month, on condition that protesters stopped blocking the roads.

政府应承将新秩序的执行推迟一个月，要求是抗议者住手顽固谈路。

2）only if 只须，仅当

These pills are effective only if you take them every day . 

这些药只须每天服用才有用。

Two heads are better than one only if they contain different opinions.

只须当两个东谈主有不同的倡导时，他们才会比一个东谈主的倡导更好。

You can overcome anything if and only if you love something enough.

你不错克服任何贫苦，只须你饱和爱同样东西。

3.无视要求

1）whether (or not)/no matter +疑问词/regardless of不管，不管…如何/是否

No matter who you are, no matter how strong you are, sooner or later, you’ll face circumstances beyond your control.

不管你是谁，不管你有多遒劲，早晚齐会濒临你无法罢休的情况。

All people, regardless of whether they're athletes or not, should treat people the way that they want to be treated.

总共东谈主，不管他们是否是解析员，齐应该以但愿被别东谈主对待的神气对待他东谈主。

In the past , a girl had to marry a man their parents chose for her , whether she liked it or 

not .

在往常，女孩必须嫁给父母为她采用的男东谈主，不管她可爱与否。

2) even if /though即便/哪怕                                  Even though things worked out between them , they would still divorce.

即使他们之间的问题处治了，他们如故会折柳。

Facebook will not reinstate Donald Trump's suspended account early even if he announces that he will run again for president in 2024.

     脸书不会提前还原唐纳德特朗普被暂停的账户，即使他通告在 2024 年再次竞选总统。

4.    之外要求

1)    unless (:if…not) 除非

Unless it rains, we'll go for a picnic by the river tomorrow.

除非下雨，咱们来日去河滨野餐。Try to avoid eating late at night ,and never take sleeping pills unless prescribed by a doctor.

尽量幸免深夜进食，除非大夫开具处方，否则不要服用安眠药。

2)without/but for/if it were not for/if it hadn't been for要不是，若非，如果莫得

Without your help I would never have been able to solve my problems.

如果莫得你的匡助，我永远不能能处治问题。

It would have been more difficult but for your support.

如果莫得你的缓助，事情会愈加贫苦。

Without the atmosphere, Earth would be too cold to live on.

如果莫得大气层，地球将会过于凉爽而无法生涯。

If it weren't for water, no plant could grow. 

若是莫得水植物就无法孕育。

If it hadn't been for the doctor's care, I wouldn't have recovered so soon. 

要不是大夫的关切，我不会病愈得这样快。

If it wasn’t for me you'd have married her two years ago. 

要不是因为我的原因，你两年前就会同她成亲了。（张谈真《当代英语用法辞书》）

If it wasn't for the main actress, Ellen Barkin, the plot would have fallen flat on its face. 

如果不是女主角埃伦·巴尔金的话，总共这个词情节会颠倒失败。（《柯林斯高等英语辞书》）

5. 思象要求：

(1)suppose / supposing 假定，假如，多放句首 

Suppose/supposing you won the lottery, what would you do? 

假定你中了彩票，你会怎么作念？

Supposing he hadn't recognized us – he might never have spoken to us.

假定他莫得认出咱们——他可能永远不会跟咱们话语。

(2)in case (of)以防

It is always a good idea to keep an emergency kit at sight , in case of emergency.

在要紧情况下，随身佩戴救急包老是一个好主意。

Elon Musk sold $6.9 billion worth of Tesla shares to raise funds in case he loses the legal battle with Twitter and is forced to buy the social media platform.

Elon Musk 出售了价值 69 亿好意思元的特斯拉股票以筹集资金，以防他在与 Twitter 的法律战中败诉并被动购买这家交代媒体平台。

(3)in the event (of) 万一， 倘若

The roof of the cabin has been engineered to provide protection against head injuries in the event of a collision.

客舱的屋顶经由用心蓄意，不错在发生碰撞时顾惜头部受伤。

Airbags protect the driver in the event of a severe frontal impact.

汽车若遭遇正面猛烈撞击，安全气囊不错保护驾车者。

  The doors can be manually operated in the event of fire.

发生失火时,这些门不错手动罢休.

In the event that you win a prize in the competition, the school will reward you.

如果你们在比赛中得了奖，学校会奖励你们。

In the event (that) the factory defaults on the debts,the bank will freeze its account. 

如果工场拖负债务，银即将冻结其帐户。

6. 反向要求

(1)otherwise否则

Be there on time, otherwise you'll create a bad impression.

要准时来，否则你会给东谈主一个坏的印象。

Seize the chance, otherwise you'll regret it.

收拢这个契机，否则你会后悔的。       You 'd better do it right away ; otherwise , you 'll never do it.

你最佳立地作念这件事，否则你永远不会作念这件事。 

We're committed to the project. We wouldn't be here otherwise.

咱们是用心全意参预这项使命的，否则咱们就不会到这里来了。

Otherwise, the recreation of traditions would be artificial and empty, he said.

他说，否则，对传统的再现将是东谈主为的、空泛的。

(2)or (else)要否则

It is raining. Don't forget to wear a raincoat, or else you will catch a cold.

下雨了, 外出别忘穿上雨披, 要不会淋伤风的。

Many foods must be refrigerated or else they will spoil.

许多食品必须冷冻,否则会变质。

Make haste, or ( else ) you'll be late.

快点, 要否则就来不足了。

He must have thought Jane was worth it or he wouldn't have wasted time on her, I suppose.

我思，他一定认为简值得他这样作念，否则他不会在她身上奢华时候。

You can't walk out on the contract, or you could be taken to court.

你不能违犯公约, 否则你会被告状。

Don't jump the queue, or other people will not be pleased.

别插队, 否则别东谈主会不欢笑的。

It knows it must outrun the slowest deer, or it will starve to death.

它知谈要快过最慢的鹿, 否则就会饿死。

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